Principle of Pressure Sensor

The pressure sensor is a device or device that can sense the pressure signal and convert the pressure signal into a usable output electrical signal according to a certain rule.
Pressure sensors are usually composed of pressure-sensitive elements and signal processing units.The same principle as the temperature sensor. According to different test pressure types, pressure sensors can be divided into gauge pressure sensors, differential pressure sensors, and absolute pressure sensors. Pressure sensor is the most commonly used sensor in industrial practice. It is widely used in various industrial automation environments, involving water conservancy and hydropower, railway transportation, intelligent buildings, production automation, aerospace, military, petrochemical, oil wells, electricity, ships, machine tools, pipeline, and many other industries.

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Heavy-duty pressure sensors are one type of sensor, but we rarely hear about this type of pressure sensor. It is commonly used in transportation applications by monitoring pneumatics, light-duty hydraulics, brake pressure, oil pressure, transmission, Pressure, hydraulics, flow, and level of critical systems such as truck/trailer airlocks to maintain the performance of heavy-duty equipment.
A heavy-duty pressure sensor is a pressure measurement device with a housing, a metal pressure interface, and a high-level signal output. Many sensors come with a round metal or plastic housing that has a cylindrical appearance with a pressure port on one end and a cable or connector on the other. These heavy-duty pressure sensors are often used in extreme temperature and electromagnetic interference environments. Customers in industry and transportation use pressure sensors in control systems to measure and monitor the pressure of fluids such as coolant or lubricating oil. At the same time, it can also detect pressure spike feedback in time, find problems such as system blockage, and find solutions immediately.
Heavy-duty pressure sensors have been developing all the time. For heavy-duty pressure sensors to be used in more complex control systems, design engineers must improve sensor accuracy and reduce costs for practical applications.

Classification

The basic principle of multi-sensor information fusion technology is like the process of comprehensive processing of information by the human brain. Various sensors are processed in multi-level and multi-space information complementation and optimal combination processing, and finally, a consistent interpretation of the observation environment is produced. In this process, it is necessary to make full use of multi-source data for reasonable control and use, and the ultimate goal of information fusion is to derive more useful information by combining the information at multiple levels and aspects based on the separated observation information obtained by each sensor. This not only takes advantage of the cooperative operation of multiple sensors but also comprehensively processes data from other information sources to improve the intelligence of the entire sensor system.

The pressure sensor is one of the most widely used sensors. The traditional pressure sensor is mainly based on the mechanical structure type device, and the pressure is indicated by the deformation of the elastic element, but this structure is large in size and heavy in weight, and cannot provide electrical output. With the development of semiconductor technology, semiconductor pressure sensors also came into being. It is characterized by small size, lightweight, high accuracy, and good temperature characteristics. Especially with the development of MEMS technology, semiconductor sensors are developing towards miniaturization, and their power consumption is low and reliability is high.

Diffusion Silicon Pressure Transmitter

Diffusion silicon pressure transmitter is made by encapsulating isolated silicon piezoresistive pressure sensitive element in a stainless steel shell. It can convert the sensed liquid or gas pressure into standard electrical signals for external output. DATA-52 series diffused silicon pressure transmitters are widely used in on-site measurement and control of industrial processes such as water supply/drainage, thermal power, petroleum, chemical industry, metallurgy, etc.
Semiconductor Piezoresistive Type
The semiconductor piezoelectric impedance diffusion pressure sensor forms a semiconductor deformation pressure on the surface of the sheet, and the sheet is deformed by an external force (pressure) to produce a piezoelectric impedance effect so that the change in impedance is converted into an electrical signal.

Capacitance type

Capacitance-type pressure sensors form a capacitance by facing a fixed electrode of glass and a movable electrode of silicon and convert the change in electrostatic capacitance caused by the deformation of the movable electrode by an external force (pressure) into an electrical signal. (The operating principle of the E8Y is the electrostatic capacitance method, and other models use the semiconductor method)

Working principle

1. Piezoresistive pressure sensor

Resistive strain gauges are one of the main components of piezoresistive strain sensors. The working principle of the metal resistance strain gauge is the phenomenon that the resistance value changes with the mechanical deformation of the strain resistance adsorbed on the base material, commonly known as the resistance strain effect.

2. Ceramic pressure sensor

The ceramic pressure sensor is based on the piezoresistive effect. The pressure directly acts on the front surface of the ceramic diaphragm, causing the diaphragm to deform slightly. The thick film resistor is printed on the back of the ceramic diaphragm and connected to form a Wheatstone bridge. The piezoresistive effect makes the bridge generate a highly linear voltage signal proportional to the pressure and proportional to the excitation voltage. The standard signal is calibrated to 2.0/3.0/3.3mV/V according to the different pressure ranges, which can be combined with Compatible with strain gauge sensors.

3. Diffusion silicon pressure sensor

Diffusion Silicon Pressure Sensor
The working principle of the diffused silicon pressure sensor is also based on the piezoresistive effect. Using the piezoresistive effect principle, the pressure of the measured medium directly acts on the diaphragm (stainless steel or ceramic) of the sensor, so that the diaphragm produces a micro-displacement proportional to the medium pressure. The resistance value of the sensor is changed, the electronic circuit is used to detect the change, and a standard measurement signal corresponding to the pressure is converted and output.

4. Sapphire pressure sensor

Using the working principle of strain resistance, using silicon-sapphire as the semiconductor sensitive element, has unparalleled metrology characteristics. Therefore, semiconductor-sensitive components made of silicon-sapphire are not sensitive to temperature changes, and have good working characteristics even under high-temperature conditions; sapphire has strong radiation resistance; in addition, silicon-sapphire semiconductor-sensitive components have no p-n drift.

5. Piezoelectric pressure sensor

The piezoelectric effect is the main working principle of the piezoelectric sensor, and the piezoelectric sensor cannot be used for static measurement, because the charge after the external force is only saved when the loop has an infinite input impedance. This is not the case in reality, so this determines that the piezoelectric sensor can only measure dynamic stress.

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