The Composition of Automobile Electronic Control System

The automotive electronic control system generally consists of three parts in the hardware structure: sensor, electronic control unit (ECU) and actuator. When the car is running, each sensor continuously detects the working condition information of the car, and transmits the information to the ECU through the input interface in real time. When the ECU receives this information, it makes corresponding decisions and processes according to the internal pre-written control program, and outputs control signals to the corresponding actuators through its output interface. After the actuators receive the control signals, they perform corresponding actions. achieve some predetermined function.

Electronic control unit

Electronic control unit (electronic control unit) The core of the control system is a microcomputer with integrated circuits and other sophisticated electronic parts. Mainly have the following functions:

①Accept input signals from sensors or other devices, and process the input signals into signals that can be processed by the electronic control unit. Such as converting an analog signal into a digital signal.

② Provide a reference voltage to the sensor: such as 2V, 5V, 9V or 12V.

③Store, calculate, analyze and process information: store operation information and fault information, analyze input information and perform corresponding calculation and processing.

④Output the execution command: the execution command that changes the weak signal into the strong signal.

⑤ Output fault information.

⑥Complete various control functions: For example, in engine control, the electronic control unit can complete various functions such as ignition control, fuel injection control, idle speed control, emission control, intake control, and boost control.

EUC is generally composed of input interface circuit, microprocessor and output interface circuit. The input interface circuit is mainly to complete the information transfer between the external sensor and the microprocessor. The microprocessors used in automobiles are mainly 8-bit microcontrollers or 16-bit microcontrollers, and now some cars begin to use 32-bit microcontrollers. A single-chip microcomputer refers to a chip-level computer formed by integrating CPU, RAM/ROM, I/O interface, timer/counter and other components on a single chip. Single-chip microcomputer has a series of advantages such as miniaturization, strong function, high reliability, low price, high performance-price ratio and low power consumption, so it has been widely used in real-time control of automobiles. The output interface circuit connects the ECU with the actuator. It converts the decision instructions made by the ECU into control signals to drive the executive elements to work, and it plays the functions of generating and amplifying the control signals. Common output actuators are usually some relays, shut off solenoid or displays.

Sensor

Sensors The car sensors are arranged in different positions of the car, and their main function is to provide the car control system with information on various operating conditions of the car, such as engine speed, throttle opening, and coolant temperature. In order to complete different functions, sensors with different functions are provided on the car, even if the sensors with the same function have different structural forms on different cars. There are two main types of electrical signals provided by sensors to the automotive electronic control unit: analog signals and digital signals.

There are many sensors on a car, and each sensor generally belongs to a certain control system, such as an engine control system or a chassis control system. However, some sensors may be shared by two or more systems.

Executive body

Actuator is a device that performs corresponding actions according to the electrical signal output by the electronic control unit. For example, fuel injectors and electric oil pumps in fuel injection control, ignition coils in ignition control, stepper motors in idle speed control, solenoid valves for shifting gears in automatic transmission control, compressors in air conditioning control, etc. executive body. The actuator should be integrated with the parts of the mechanical system in structure or mechanism and function in coordination. It must be able to withstand various harsh working conditions encountered in the working process of the car, and must function for a long time.

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