Classification and Maintenance of Starters

Deceleration starter

A starter with a gear reducer installed between the armature shaft of the starter and the drive gear is called a deceleration starter.

The power of a series-excited DC motor is proportional to the torque and speed of the motor. It can be seen that when the engine speed is increased while the torque is decreased, the starter power can be kept unchanged. Therefore, when a high-speed, low-torque series-excited DC motor is used as the starter, under the condition of the same power, the volume and weight of the starter can be greatly reduced. However, the torque of the starter is too low to meet the requirements for starting the engine. For this reason, when a high-speed, low-torque DC motor is used in the starter, a gear reducer is installed between the motor's armature shaft and the drive gear, which can reduce the motor's speed and increase its torque, thereby quickly driving the engine flywheel. rotation.

The gear reducer of the deceleration starter has three different forms: external meshing type, internal meshing type, and planetary gear type.

External meshing deceleration starter, its deceleration mechanism uses idler gear as intermediate transmission between the armature shaft and the starter drive gear, and the electromagnetic switch iron core is coaxial with the drive gear, and directly pushes the drive gear into meshing without the need for a fork. Therefore, the shape of the starter is quite different from the ordinary starter. The transmission center distance of the external meshing deceleration mechanism is large, so it is limited by the starting mechanism, and its deceleration ratio cannot be too large, generally not greater than 5, and is mostly used in low-power starters.

The internal meshing deceleration starter has a small transmission center distance from the deceleration mechanism and can have a larger reduction ratio, so it is suitable for a larger power starter, drives the piston movement of the engine. However, the internal meshing deceleration starting mechanism is noisy, and the driving gear still needs to be moved by the fork to engage, so the shape of the starter is similar to that of an ordinary starter.

The planetary gear type deceleration starter

The planetary gear type deceleration starter has a compact structure. Large transmission ratio and high efficiency. Since the output shaft and the armature shaft are coaxial and have the same rotational direction, the armature shaft has no radial load, and the vibration is small, so the overall size is small.

Permanent magnet starter

A starter with a permanent magnet material as a magnetic pole is called a permanent magnet starter. It cancels the excitation winding and the magnetic pole iron core in the traditional starter, which simplifies the structure of the starter, greatly reduces the volume and mass, improves the reliability, and saves metal materials.

Permanent magnet gear starter

A starter with a high-speed, low-torque permanent magnet motor and a gear reducer installed between the drive gear and the armature shaft is called a permanent magnet deceleration starter. The volume and mass of the permanent magnet deceleration starter can be further reduced, and it has been widely used.

Troubleshooting

1. The starter often fails to rotate or rotates slowly. In this case, the following aspects should be checked:

2. The battery has no power or weak power, so the starter cannot rotate or rotate slowly.

3. The starter thread is loose or falling off, and the switch or adsorption switch is invalid.

4. The brush is worn or the brush surface is not correct, and the spring is weak so the rectifier is in poor contact.

5. Short circuit and open circuit of excitation coil or armature coil.

The rectifier is fouled and the mica sheet protrudes, resulting in poor contact between the brush and the rectifier.

Institutional maintenance

In the process of starting the engine, the starter should introduce 344~400Ah of electricity from the battery. Therefore, to prevent overcurrent or damage to the battery, the starting time should not exceed 5s. In winter, it is easy to cause difficulty starting. The multiple starting time should not be too long, and there should be appropriate intervals between each starting.

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